Journal: The OpenCDA Open-source Ecosystem for Cooperative Driving Automation Research

Abstract

Advances in Single-vehicle intelligence of automated driving has encountered great challenges because of limited capabilities in perception and interaction with complex traffic environments. Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has been considered a pivotal solution to next-generation automated driving and smart transportation. Though CDA has attracted much attention from both academia and industry, exploration of its potential is still in its infancy. In industry, companies tend to build their in-house data collection pipeline and research tools to tailor their needs and protect intellectual properties. Reinventing the wheels, however, wastes resources and limits the generalizability of the developed approaches since no standardized benchmarks exist. On the other hand, in academia, due to the absence of real-world traffic data and computation resources, researchers often investigate CDA topics in simplified and mostly simulated environments, restricting the possibility of scaling the research outputs to real-world scenarios. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an open-source ecosystem (OSE) to address the demands of different communities for CDA research, particularly in the early exploratory research stages, and provide the bridge to ensure an integrated development and testing pipeline that diverse communities can share. In this paper, we introduce the OpenCDA research ecosystem, a unified OSE integrated with a model zoo, a suite of driving simulators at various resolutions, large-scale real-world and simulated datasets, complete development toolkits for benchmark training/testing, and a scenario database/generator. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of OpenCDA OSE through example use cases, including cooperative 3D LiDAR detection, cooperative merge, cooperative camera-based map prediction, and adversarial scenario generation.

Keywords: Ecosystems, Automation, Pipelines, Safety, Planning, Computational modeling, Benchmark testing

Recommended citation: Xu, R., Xiang, H., Han, X., Xia, X., Meng, Z., Chen, C.-J., Correa-Jullian, C., & Ma, J. (2023). The OpenCDA Open-Source Ecosystem for Cooperative Driving Automation Research. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 8(4), 2698–2711. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2023.3244948